Īmorim MJB, Scott-Fordsmand JJ (2012) Toxicity of copper nanoparticles and CuCl2 salt to Enchytraeus albidus worms: survival, reproduction and avoidance responses.
Īlves ML, Oliveira Filho LCID, Nogueira P, Ogliari AJ, Fiori MA, Baretta D, Baretta CRDM (2019) Influence of ZnO nanoparticles and a non-nano ZnO on survival and reproduction of earthworm and springtail in tropical natural soil. Īlahdadi I, Behboudi F (2015) The effects of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles on survival, reproduction, absorption, overweight, and accumulation in Eisenia fetida earthworm tissues in two substrates. Īdhikary S (2012) Vermicompost, the story of organic gold: a review. KeywordsĪdamowicz A (2005) Morphology and ultrastructure of the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta (Lumbricidae) coelomocytes. However, it is interesting to mention that earthworm has the unique ability to biodegrade or bioaccumulate or biotransform NPs and released them as a component of soil. Studies showed that nanomaterials exert a minor effect on the survival and growth pattern of adult earthworms, but NPs exposure reduces the reproductive activity of earthworms. Many nanotoxicologists and ecotoxicologists have focussed their study on earthworms to find out how and why nanoparticles exert their toxic effects and how to remediate nanotoxicity. Again, as the earthworms represent soil invertebrates, they are always focussed on and occupy a crucial trophic level. Moreover, our current understanding in the context of the possible influence of nanomaterial on earthworm and their effectiveness in performing the remediation process and nullification of toxic forms is scarce. Though the ecotoxicological effect of nanoparticles (NPs) is currently widely investigated, we have only a handful of knowledge regarding their effects on the biology of naturally available scavenger like an earthworm. The environmental basin is continuously getting exposed to the nanomaterials (NMs) with the advancement of the nanotechnological world.
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